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Essay on Oedipus the King A Tragic Hero - 698 Words

Tragedies have been written, told, and acted out for a number of years. Aristotle defined in his book, Poetics that a tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity, fear, and finally a catharsis, or purging of emotions. A tragic play that perfectly completes this cycle of emotions is Oedipus the King by Sophocles. This play follows a king of the town of Thebes through his journey of the emotions of pity, fear, and finally a catharsis. It is a tale of a man who unknowingly kills his father and fathers the children of his mother as well. The audience is pulled into the play and experiences the plot along with Oedipus. The emotion of pity enters the play right from the beginning. First, it is Oedipus who feels pity for his people and their†¦show more content†¦The audience begins to identify so much with this flawed king that the emotion of fear begins to slowly bleed into a feeling of fear. The audience feels so much empathy for this man, they start to think about how this might possibly happen to them. They see that Oedipus has experienced a very sudden reversal of fortune. Here is a man that appears to have it all. He is king of a wonderful town, has a beautiful wife, and four children. All of a sudden, he slowly finds out that all this is clouded by his destiny, one that he had tried his best to put behind him and not live out. Fear enters the play, not only for Oedipus, but for the audience as well. The audience begins to see that no matter how hard a person tries, the gods are still going to have their way. Could the gods do this to me? is a question that pops into the mind of every member of the audience. Because of their former feeling of pity the audience can see the Oedipus did not wholly deserve his misfortune. It seems as though the gods wanted to prove a point through him. Even Oedipus feels fear as he begins on his search for Laius killer. I am afraid, Joca sta, that I have said too much-that is why I want to see this man. (55). This is the first time that Oedipus realizes that he may in fact be the cursed killer of the former king of Thebes. The play also deals with the characters blatant disregard andShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribes the tragic hero as having three components which should be present in order to influence the audience. The audience must become involved emotionally with the hero so they become fearful for his welfare or well-being. The concluding suffering of the hero draws pity from the audience. Aristotle describes this emotional transition as â€Å"catharsis† which refers to the purging or releasing of emotions. This is what Aristotle believes entices audiences to watch tragedies. The hero must also beRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero1541 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle (384-322 B.C.) defines a tragic hero as one who possesses the characterist ics of hamartia, peripeteia, anagnorisis, and that the characters fate must be greater than deserved (Else). Since the main character in Sophocles’ classic tragedy Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King matches up to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus certainly exemplifies what it is to be a â€Å"tragic hero.† The play’s protagonist Oedipus is revered as a good man and intelligent ruler who acts quickly to support Thebes- a cityRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King987 Words   |  4 PagesWhile exemplifying the high estate, noble character, and flawed nature of Aristotle’s tragic hero, Oedipus fails to have a personal mistake become his undoing, hence denying him the status of Aristotle’s tragic hero. A key criteria of Aristotle’s tragic hero is that he or she comes from high estate, such as a royal family. Aristotle’s definition of the tragic hero is well thought out in this manner. High status is important as it gives the character a long way to fall (Kennedy Gioia, 2013). ThisRead MoreTragic Hero In Oedipus The King1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a tragic hero was first thought of by the philosopher Aristotle in his work, â€Å"Poetics†. In article discussing the philosopher’s ideology of a tragic hero, with emphasis on hamartia, the author states: The function of a tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear and Aristotle deduces the qualities of his hero from this function. He should be good, but not perfect, for the fall of a perfect man from happiness into misery, would be unfair and repellent and will not arouse pity. SimilarlyRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 PagesLike most greek tragedies, Oedipus the King had a tragic hero whose downfall was the result of a tragic flaw. Oedipus, like other greek characters, did not see his errors until his reign was coming to an end. Oedipus, the man who saved Thebes did not understand that every good thing must come to an end. A tragic hero defined by Aristotle has five characteristics that lead to their downfall and their understanding of why the situation happened. Oedipus is the ideal tragic hero because his downfall followedRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pages The topic I chose is the tragic hero topic. There exists a number of parameters that describe a tragic hero and thus it was my desire to get to understand these parameters. It was also my desire to be in position to give the difference between normal heroes and a tragic hero and give see the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning theRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus And King1060 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, Oedipus and Dido lost much more than that. These were two great leaders that both, suffered by losing their reputations, their sanity, and their kingdoms. These are two great examples of what a tragic character displays, according to Aristotle’s conception. Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero is a distinguished person occupying a high position, living in prosperous circumstances and falling into misfortune because of an error in judgment. King Oedipus and Queen Dido are tragic charactersRead MoreOedipus the King a Tragic Hero936 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302-6504 Mrs.Weatherford 21 November 2011 A Tragic Hero Indeed! In Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King, King Oedipus swears to solve the murder of former King Laios in order to free the city from the plague. The plague taunts the city destroying crops and livestock and making the women unable to bear children. A seer, Teirsias tells Oedipus that he himself is Thebes’s pollution for killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus ignores his words and is blind to the truth until he discoversRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero870 Words   |  4 Pagestragedies and his most famous being performed there. While only seven of his plays have survived, many, like Oedipus the King, are still prevalent today. It definitely meets the five main criteria for a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw, a fall from grace, a moment of remorse, and catharsis. Oedipus the King is seen as a perfect tragedy. It features a hero with a tragic flaw, Oedipus, and highlights many common themes in Greek tragedy such as fate or destiny, love, pride, loss, the abuseRead MoreOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus: The King of Thebes and Tragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. This type of a tragic hero often collectively described as a character of noble birth, facing an adversity of some nature and a fate of great suffering. The characteristics of what encompassed a tragic hero

Essential Drug List Medication Review Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(63) " statistically important benefit in hurting control \[ 12 \] \." Many malignant neoplastic diseases metastasize to cram specifically chest, prostate and Multiple Myeloma. Bisphosphonates and other systemic agents that inhibit osteoclast activity can forestall, cut down, and detain cancer-related and treatment-related skeletal complications in patients with both early and advanced malignances [ 1 ] . Patients with metastatic malignant neoplastic disease are at significant hazard for skeletal complications from bone metastases and bone loss ( osteoporosis ) , which is frequently treatment-related. We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Drug List Medication Review Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skeletal complications of bone metastases, frequently referred to as skeletal-related events ( SREs ) , include break, skeletal instability/loss of skeletal unity, spinal cord compaction, the demand for surgery or radiation therapy for a diagnostic bone metastasis, and hypercalcaemia..These are normally associated with lytic lesions. Bisphosphonates have become an built-in constituent of malignant neoplastic disease intervention in patients who have metastatic bone disease. Bisphosphonates cut down the morbidity of metastatic bone disease, chiefly by diminishing the prevalence of SREs [ 1,2 ] . In add-on, bisphosphonates are widely used for the bar and intervention of bone loss ( osteoporosis ) , both treatment-related and non-treatment-related.This includes the osteoporosis associated with aromatse inhibitors. Bisphosphonates decrease bone reabsorption and increase mineralization by suppressing osteoclast activity [ 1,3 ] . There are two categories of bisphosphonates, non-nitrogen containing and N containing, with slightly different effects in killing osteoclast cells. The N incorporating bisphosphonates are more powerful osteoclast inhibitors. Etidronate, clodronate, and tiludronate are non-nitrogen incorporating bisphosphonates, and the N incorporating bisphosphonates include pamidronate, Fosamax, ibandronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid. Bisphosphonates have a direct apoptotic consequence on osteoclasts, affect their distinction and ripening, and thereby move as powerful inhibitors of bone reabsorption. In presymptomatic theoretical accounts, the bisphosphonates have besides been shown to act upon macrophages, gamma delta T cells, bone-forming cells, and tumour cells. In add-on to their effects on osteoclast suppression, bisphosphonates may besides hold antitumor and/or antiangiogenic effects, but this is a controversial country. Probes are ongoing to better specify the clinically relevant effects of bisphosphonates in patients with malignant neoplastic disease [ 4,5 ] Quality of grounds and Clinical efficaciousness: Definition of Skeletal Related Events: – Vertebral breaks Other breaks e.g. ribs New osteolytic lesions Spinal cord compaction Need for radiation therapy Need for surgery Pain Change in anti neoplastic regimen to handle bone hurting Breast malignant neoplastic disease – For patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease and bone metastases, bisphosphonate therapy can forestall and/or hold skeletal complications, and extenuate bone hurting. A survival benefit has non been shown. In adult females with metastatic chest malignant neoplastic disease without clinically apparent bone metastases, bisphosphonates do non cut down the incidence of skeletal events. Consequently, therapy with bisphosphonates is recommended to get down after the designation of osteal metastases, unless as portion of a clinical test. The first surveies were done in the 1990ties and reported in the early 2000.For metastastic chest malignant neoplastic disease the hazard of a skeletal event is about 64 % at 2 old ages. This can be reduced to 33 % with pamidronate and to 20 % with zoladronic acid [ 6 ] . A meta-analysis of nine tests, which included 2189 adult females with metastatic chest malignant neoplastic disease and bone metastases, showed that endovenous bisphosphonates ( pamidronate and zoledronic acid ) reduced the hazard of developing a skeletal event by 17 per centum ( comparative hazard, RR 0.83 ; 95 % CI 0.78-0.89 ) [ 7 ] . A meta-analysis of tests that used unwritten bisphosphonates ( clodronate and ibandronate ) showed a decrease in the hazard of developing a skeletal event by 16 per centum ( RR 0.84 95 % CI 0.76-0.93 ) [ 7 ] . Bisphosphonates can besides forestall treatment-related bone loss in adult females having chemotherapy or aromatase inhibitors for chest malignant neoplastic disease. In add-on, betterments in disease free endurance and chest malignant neoplastic disease return seen in some accessory therapy tests in which adult females received hormone therapy plus a bisphosphonate compared to hormone therapy entirely suggest possible antitumor effects. However, the consequences of extra clinical tests are needed before it can be concluded that bisphosphonates better chest malignant neoplastic disease results. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease – Bisphosphonates have been studied in work forces with advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease to detain or forestall the complications of skeletal patterned advance ( breaks, need for radiation therapy, hypercalcaemia, spinal cord compaction, hurting ) , to forestall the development of bone metastases, and to protect against the bone loss associated with androgen want therapy ( ADT ) . The consequences of randomised clinical tests and experimental surveies in patients with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease bone metastases indicate that the effectivity of different bisphosphonates varies well [ 8,9 ] . The strongest informations back uping benefit for bisphosphonates is with zoledronic acid, which is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for usage in prostate malignant neoplastic disease in work forces with bone metastases who are come oning on endocrine therapy. The European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products has approved zoledronic acid for all work forces with prostate malignant neoplastic disease and bone metastases. The benefit of zoledronic acid in work forces with bone metastases from prostate malignant neoplastic disease is supported by a test in 643 work forces bone metastases that were come oning while on ADT [ 10 ] . Work force were indiscriminately assigned to one of two doses of zoledronic acid ( 4 milligram or 8 milligram ) or placebo, each given every three hebdomads. The 8 milligram dosage of zoledronic acid was reduced to 4 milligrams early in the test because of inordinate nephritic toxicity. At an mean followup of 24 months, there was a important decrease in the frequence of SREs in work forces having zoledronic acid compared to placebo ( 38 versus 49 per centum ) , and the average clip to develop an SRE was significantly longer with zoledronic acid ( 488 versus 321 yearss ) [ 11 ] . Pain and analgetic tonss were significantly higher in work forces who received placebo than in those who received zoledronic acid, but there were no differences in disease patterned advance, public presentation position, or quality-of-life tonss among the groups. A 2nd placebo-controlled randomized test with zoledronic acid besides demonstrated a statistically important benefit in hurting control [ 12 ] . You read "Essential Drug List Medication Review Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" In contrast to these consequences with zoledronic acid, tests with clodronate have yielded ambiguous consequences [ 13 ] , and two tests with pamidronate have failed to specify a statistically important benefit in footings of SREs or trouble control [ 14. Prevention of bone metastases – Given that the prevailing site of metastases in prostate malignant neoplastic disease is the bone, and that some presymptomatic informations suggest an anticancer consequence of bisphosphonates, accessory usage of bisphosphonates has been studied in work forces with prostate malignant neoplastic disease but without metastatic disease. In the largest test turn toing this issue, in which 508 work forces with nonmetastatic prostate malignant neoplastic disease were indiscriminately assigned to clodronate or placebo, there was no lessening in the incidence of bone metastases ( 80 events versus 68 events with placebo ) [ 19 ] . High-potency bisphosphonates have non been studied in this scene. Multiple myeloma The efficaciousness of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma was ab initio evaluated in a survey in which 377 patients with phase III multiple myeloma and at least one lytic lesion were treated with antimyeloma therapy plus either placebo or pamidronate ( 90 milligram ) as a four-hour endovenous extract given every four hebdomads for nine rhythms [ 15 ] . The proportion of patients who had any skeletal events ( diseased break, irradiation of or surgery on bone, and spinal cord compaction ) was significantly lower in the pamidronate group ( 24 versus 41 per centum ) . Pamidronate therapy was besides associated with a important decrease in bone hurting. [ 15 ] . Recent grounds has shown a survival advantage every bit good Morgan et al 2010 MRC Myeloma IX survey randomise controlled survey [ 18 ] . Lancet 2010 10 ; 62051 1970 patients enrolled: 1960 eligible for purpose to handle analysis: 981 in the zoladronic acid group:979 in the clodronic acid group In both groups there was an initial subdivision into those patients who received intensive chemotherapy with the purpose to handle with organ transplant. This was followed by another subdivision into the zoledronic acid and clodronic acid groups Median intervention with bisphosphonate was for 350 yearss Median follow up was for 3.7 old ages Zoledronic acid reduced mortality by 16 % V clodronic acid HR 0.84 95 % CI 0.74-0.96 p=0.0118 Drawn-out average overall endurance by 5.5 months ( 50 minute V 44.5 p=0.04 ) Increase PFS by 2.0 minutes ( 19.5 vs 17.5 months ) 12 % addition HR 0.88 95 % CI 0.88-0.98 p=0.0179 ONJ rate was 4 % with zoledronic acid and 1 % with clodronic acid Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy is recommended for patients with multiple myeloma and any of the followers: †¢ Lytic devastation of bone or spine compaction break from osteopenia on field radiogram or imagination surveies †¢ Osteopenia on bone mineral denseness surveies but no grounds of lytic bone devastation †¢ Pain due to osteolytic disease †¢ As an adjunct to radiation therapy, anodynes, or surgical intercession to stabilise breaks or impending breaks Similar consequences were obtained in a randomised, double-blind stage III test in 1648 patients with advanced multiple myeloma or chest malignant neoplastic disease [ 16 ] . Patients were indiscriminately assigned to have one of two different doses of zoledronic acid ( 4 or 8 milligrams administered IV over 5 or 15 proceedingss ) or pamidronate ( 90 milligram IV over two hours ) ; extracts were repeated every three to four hebdomads for 12 months. All participants received a day-to-day 500 milligram Ca addendum and 400 to 500 IU of vitamin D throughout the survey. The undermentioned findings were noted: †¢ The proportion of patients with at least one skeletal event during the first 13 months of the survey, and the average clip to the first event ( 12 months ) was similar in all three intervention groups. †¢ The proportion of patients who required curative bone irradiation was significantly lower in the zoledronic acid 4 milligram group compared with pamidronate both in the full group ( 15 versus 20 per centum ) , and in adult females having endocrine therapy for chest malignant neoplastic disease ( 16 versus 25 per centum ) . †¢ Both agents were every bit good tolerated, and the most common inauspicious events were bone hurting, sickness, weariness, and fever. Although 12 per centum of patients having 4 milligram of zoledronic acid over a five-minute period developed impairment of antecedently normal nephritic map, an addition in the extract volume to 100 milliliter, and lengthening the extract clip to 15 proceedingss reduced the incidence of nephritic disfunction to the same degrees as with pamidronate ( 8 and 9 per centum, severally ) . Long-run informations ( 25 months of followup ) showed tantamount nephritic effects ( alterations in creatinine ) for zoledronic acid 4 milligram over 15 proceedingss and pamidronate over two hours [ 13 ] . †¢ The 8 milligram dosage of zoledronic acid had an intolerably high incidence of nephritic toxicity at both extract times ( 18 and 20 per centum ) , and was hence discontinued. In contrast, monthly endovenous ibandronate ( Bondronate ® ) , a high authority bisphosphonate, has non been associated with decreased skeletal-related events in patients with myeloma. In a randomised test, 214 patients having conventional chemotherapy for phase II or III myeloma were indiscriminately assigned to have ibandronate ( 2 milligram IV monthly for 24 months ) or placebo [ 16 ] . Neither the rate of happening, nor the clip to first skeletal-related event differed significantly between the two groups. However, the dosage of ibandronate may hold been excessively low ; others have shown efficaciousness for 6 milligrams but non 2 milligrams monthly doses in patients with metastatic chest malignant neoplastic disease [ 17 ] . Safety concerns: Therapy with bisphosphonates is by and large good tolerated. The most common complications are acute stage reactions, optic redness, nephritic inadequacy, electrolyte instability, and osteonecrosis of the jaw ( ONJ ) . Osteonecrosis of the jaw can be mitigated with dental hygiene programmes before the start of the intervention with bisphosphonates, and by the usage of contraceptive antibiotics during intervention. [ 19 ] . The acute stage reaction, a flu-like syndrome frequently with febrility, icinesss, myodynia and arthralgias, may happen, in some grade, in about 50 per centum of patients. When it occurs, it is typically within the first 48 hours of extract and is self limited within 24 to 48 hours. Premedication with Datril or non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs may assist [ 8 ] . On subsequent dosing, the hazard of the acute stage reaction and its strength lessenings. Bisphosphonates can be associated with other inflammatory reactions including phlebitis and optic toxicities such as pinkeye, uveitis, scleritis, and orbital redness. Ocular redness frequently requires a formal ophthalmologic rating and farther intervention with the piquing bisphosphonate is frequently non recommended [ 8 ] . The nephrotoxicity of bisphosphonates is both dose- and infusion time-dependent, and nephritic map should be monitored on a regular basis in patients being treated with these agents. Nephritic toxicity can be reduced by detecting recommended extract continuances, optimising hydration prior to bisphosphonate therapy and avoiding coincident nephrotoxic medicines. Serum Ca, Mg, and phosphate should be measured on a regular basis during therapy. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation – If there are no contraindications, patients having bisphosphonates should have Ca and vitamin D supplementation. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decrease the hazard of bisphosphonate-induced hypocalcaemia and are of import to keeping bone wellness. For these grounds, many of the clinical surveies look intoing the bisphosphonates for metastatic bone disease incorporated Ca and vitamin D supplementation as portion of the intervention regimen, and supplementation may be needed to retroflex the results seen in these surveies. In add-on, patients with chest malignant neoplastic disease are at hazard for vitamin D lack. In a reappraisal of 321 chest malignant neoplastic disease patients treated with bisphosphonates for either low bone mass or for metastatic disease, over 50 per centum were vitamin D deficient [ 9 ] . Persons with vitamin D lack are at increased hazard for hypocalcaemia, a known side consequence of bisphosphonate therapy How to cite Essential Drug List Medication Review Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples